GS1 Digital Link Smartphone verify no dedicated app
ISO/IEC 15459 Unique identifier international standard
WHO FCTC Protocol Article 8 — 10 mandatory data points embedded
EPCIS 2.0 — supply chain event tracking across all handoffs
Kenya Data Protection Act 2019 — full data sovereignty compliance
GS1 EPCIS — interoperable with global customs and trade systems
Industry Challenge Lack of Real-Time Tracking
Illicit Production & Counterfeiting No visibility between production and retail — counterfeit goods enter undetected
Manual, Paper-Based Records Reconciliation takes days; discrepancies discovered only after revenue is lost
Delayed Enforcement Response By the time illicit goods are flagged, they have already reached consumers
30–40% BEstimated illicit trade share in excisable goods markets without real-time tracking.
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